Mohenjo-daro harappa civilization

The Mohenjo-daro civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, was one of the most ancient urban civilizations in the world, flourishing around 2600 to 1900 BCE. It was primarily located in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent, including present-day Pakistan and parts of India and Afghanistan. Harappa, another prominent city of the civilization, is located in present-day Pakistan.

Image by QASIM REHMANI from Pixabay

The Harappa civilization was characterized by well-planned urban centers, advanced architecture, sophisticated drainage systems, and a system of standardized weights and measures. It is believed to have been a highly organized society with a strong central authority. The cities had a grid-like pattern of streets and were divided into various sectors, including residential areas, workshops, and public buildings.

The people of the Harappa civilization were skilled in pottery, metalworking, and bead making. They had a system of writing known as the Indus script, which has not yet been deciphered, limiting our understanding of their language and literature.

Image by Indrajitsingh from Pixabay


Trade played a significant role in the Harappa civilization, with evidence of long-distance trade networks extending to Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) and other regions. They had access to valuable resources such as copper, gold, and semi-precious stones, which contributed to their prosperity.

The decline of the Harappa civilization remains a topic of debate among historians and archaeologists. Possible causes include environmental changes, such as shifts in the course of rivers, as well as social and political upheavals. The cities were gradually abandoned, and the civilization eventually faded into history, with its existence largely forgotten until its rediscovery in the 1920s.

Archaeological excavations at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa have provided valuable insights into the culture, lifestyle, and achievements of the Indus Valley civilization. Despite the challenges in deciphering their written language, the artifacts and structures unearthed at these sites continue to captivate researchers and shed light on this ancient civilization's remarkable achievements. 



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